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Enipeus Vallis is a valley in the northern hemisphere of the planet Mars. It is centered at lat. 37°N, long. 267°E in the Arcadia quadrangle (MC-3) between the large volcano Alba Mons and the Tempe Terra plateau. The valley follows a gently sinuous, north-south path for a distance of about 357 km (222 mi).〔USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1803.〕 It is likely an ancient watercourse that formed during the early Hesperian (or late Noachian) period,〔Moore, H.J. (2001). Geologic Map of the Tempe-Mareotis Region of Mars. USGS Geologic Investigations Series I-2727. http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/i-map/i2727/.〕 around 3.7 billion years ago.〔Hartmann, W.K. (2005). Martian Cratering 8: Isochron Refinement and the Chronology of Mars. ''Icarus,'' 174, p. 317, Tbl. 3. .〕 The valley is named after a river in Thessaly, Greece. Enipeus is also the name of a river god in classical mythology.〔Simpson, D.P. (1968). ''Cassell's New Latin Dictionary;'' Funk & Wagnalls: New York, p. 215.〕 The International Astronomical Union (IAU) formally adopted the name Enipeus Vallis in 1991.〔 ''Vallis'' is the Latin word for valley.〔USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Descriptor Terms. http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/DescriptorTerms.〕 ==General description== Enipeus Vallis is mapped as a valley network.〔〔Hynek, B.M.; Beach, M.; Hoke, M.R.T. (2010). Updated Global Map of Martian Valley Networks and Implications for Climate and Hydrologic Processes. ''J. Geophys. Res.,'' 115, E09008, . Cited in Andrews‐Hanna, J. C.; Lewis, K.W. (2011). Early Mars Hydrology: 2. Hydrological Evolution in the Noachian and Hesperian Epochs. ''J. Geophys. Res.,'' 116, E02007, Fig. 1. .〕〔Carr, M. H., (2002). Elevations of Water-Worn Features on Mars: Implications for Circulation of Groundwater.'' J. Geophys. Res.,'' 107(E12), p. 14-5, Fig. 3, .〕 Valley networks are branching systems of valleys on Mars that superficially resemble terrestrial river drainage basins. They are abundant in the equatorial and southern highlands of the planet but less common in the northern hemisphere.〔Carr, M.H.; Clow, G.D. (1981). Martian Channels and Valleys: Their Characteristics, Distribution, and Age. ''Icarus,'' 48, p. 93.〕 Most valley networks are thought to have formed by flowing water, although the primary source of the water (melting ice, rainfall, springs) is still debated.〔Carr, M.H. (2006). ''The Surface of Mars;'' Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, p. 113. ISBN 978-0-521-87201-0.〕 Enipeus Vallis is a single trunk valley,〔Boyce, J.M. (2008). ''The Smithsonian Book of Mars;'' Konecky & Konecky: Old Saybrook, CT, p. 163. ISBN 1-56852-714-4.〕 with no large tributaries. The valley is widest (about 10 km) at its southernmost reach near Lat. 33.6°N and rapidly tapers northward, maintaining a regular width of 3 to 5 km throughout most of its course.〔JMARS distance tool.〕 Above lat. 39.7°N the valley opens up, and drainage features become poorly integrated and ill-defined. North of this area, a somewhat subdued valley segment continues to the northwest from 40.5°N to about 42.5°N (northwest of the crater Lowbury) where it is locally buried by impact crater ejecta and young (Amazonian-aged) plains material.〔 This northern valley segment gradually loses its identity amid the narrow grabens of Tantalus Fossae. The elevation of the valley floor ranges from 885 m above datum (Mars "sea" level) in the south to 100 m or less in the north, where the northern segment of the valley begins to lose its definition. In cross-sectional profile, the valley is U-shaped to rectangular, with depths ranging from 20 to 50 m.〔JMARS gridded MOLA elevation dataset.〕 In the south, Enipeus Vallis has levee-like ridges along its edges that are up to 20 m high.〔 The levees are locally breached by lava flows from the surrounding plains.〔 In places, inner channels are visible along the valley floor. At around 36°N, the channels form an anastomosing (braided) pattern. Near the middle section of the southern valley segment, the valley divides into several branches, which then rejoin to form diamond-shaped islands.〔 Faint longitudinal striations and streamlined erosional bedforms are common all along the floor of the valley. (See Photo Gallery.) In fluvial geomorphology, a distinction is made between the terms stream valley and stream channel. Stream valleys are wide, elongate depressions. The stream itself flows within the confines of a channel in the center of the valley. A stream valley usually contains many channels. Channels are always much narrower and shallower than the valley that contains them, and water in the stream channel never comes close to filling the entire valley.〔Carr, M.H. (1996). ''Water on Mars;'' Oxford, p. 47. ISBN 0-19-509938-9.〕 The distinction is important when discussing features of probable fluvial origin on Mars. Although Enipeus Vallis is described here as a valley, it has many features typical of a channel, including fluvial bedforms, streamlined features, a U-shaped profile,〔Baker, V.R.; Carr, M.H.; Gulick, V.C.; Williams, C.R.; Marley, M.S. (1992). Channels and Valley Networks in ''Mars,'' H.H. Kieffer et al. Eds.; University of Arizona Press: Tucson, 493-522.〕 and levee deposits, which are always associated with channels not valleys. Except for its small width and general sinuosity, Enipeus Vallis has characteristics resembling the immense Martian outflow channels,〔Carr, M.H. (2006). ''The Surface of Mars;'' Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, p. 122.〕 which are true channels formed by the catastrophic release of large volumes of water.〔 Fluvial landforms like Enipeus Vallis that show characteristics of both valley networks and outflow channels are relatively common on Mars (Ma'adim Vallis, for example).〔 and indicate that fluvial erosion on Mars has a distinctive genesis and evolution compared to Earth.〔Head, J.W. (2007). The Geology of Mars: New Insights and Outstanding Questions in ''The Geology of Mars: Evidence from Earth-Based Analogs,'' M. Chapman, Ed.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge: UK, p. 23. ISBN 978-0-521-83292-2.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Enipeus Vallis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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